Bipolar disorder is characterized by what types of episodes?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by manic and depressed episodes. Individuals with this condition experience significant fluctuations in mood, energy, and activity levels. The manic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and may include impulsive behavior, while the depressive episodes are marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. This distinct pattern of mood swings between mania and depression is what fundamentally defines bipolar disorder, differentiating it from other mental health conditions that may involve anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, or varying degrees of mood severity. The specific labeling of episodes as manic and depressive is critical for diagnosis and effective treatment planning.